HTML5 迁移
从 HTML4 迁移至 HTML5
本章讲解如何从一张典型的 HTML4 页面迁移至典型的 HTML5。
本章演示如何把一张已有的 HTML4 页面转换为 HTML5 页面,在不破坏如何原始内容和结构的情况下。
注释:您可以使用相同的技巧从 HTML4 以及 XHTML 迁移至 HTML5。
典型的 HTML4 | 典型的 HTML5 |
---|---|
<div id="header"> | <header> |
<div id="menu"> | <nav> |
<div id="content"> | <section> |
<div id="post"> | <article> |
<div id="footer"> | <footer> |
典型的 HTML4 页面
实例
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"> <title>HTML4</title> <style> body {font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;font-size:0.8em;} div#header,div#footer,div#content,div#post {border:1px solid grey;margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px;background-color:white;} div#header,div#footer {color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px;} div#content {background-color:#ddd;} div#menu ul {margin:0;padding:0;} div#menu ul li {display:inline; margin:5px;} </style> </head> <body> <div id="header"> <h1>Monday Times</h1> </div> <div id="menu"> <ul> <li>News</li> <li>Sports</li> <li>Weather</li> </ul> </div> <div id="content"> <h2>News Section</h2> <div id="post"> <h2>News Article</h2> <p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum.</p> <p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum.</p> </div> <div id="post"> <h2>News Article</h2> <p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum.</p> <p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum.</p> </div> </div> <div id="footer"> <p>© 2014 Monday Times. All rights reserved.</p> </div> </body> </html>
更改为 HTML5 Doctype
修改文档类型,从 HTML4 doctype:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
修改为 HTML5 doctype:
<!DOCTYPE html>
更改为 HTML5 编码
修改编码信息,从 HTML4:
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
改为 HTML5:
<meta charset="utf-8">
添加 shiv
所有现代浏览器都支持 HTML5 语义元素。
此外,您可以“教授”老式浏览器如何处理“未知元素”。
为 Internet Explorer 支持而添加的 shiv:
<!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script> <![endif]-->
注释:请在 HTML5 浏览器支持中阅读更多有关 shiv 的知识。
为 HTML5 语义元素添加 CSS
请看已有的 CSS 样式:
div#header,div#footer,div#content,div#post { border:1px solid grey;margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px;background-color:white; } div#header,div#footer { color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px; } div#content { background-color:#ddd; } div#menu ul { margin:0;padding:0; } div#menu ul li { display:inline; margin:5px; } Duplicate with equal CSS styles for HTML5 semantic elements: header,footer,section,article { border:1px solid grey;margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px;background-color:white; } header,footer { color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px; } section { background-color:#ddd; } nav ul { margin:0;padding:0; } nav ul li { display:inline; margin:5px; }
更改为 HTML5 <header> 和 <footer>
把 id="header" 和 id="footer" 的 <div> 元素:
<div id="header"> <h1>Monday Times</h1> </div> . . . <div id="footer"> <p>© 2016 W3School. All rights reserved.</p> </div>
修改为 HTML5 语义元素 <header> 和 <footer>:
<header> <h1>Monday Times</h1> </header> . . . <footer> <p>© 2016 W3School. All rights reserved.</p> </footer>
更改为 HTML5 <nav>
把 id="menu" 的 <div> 元素:
<div id="menu"> <ul> <li>News</li> <li>Sports</a></li> <li>Weather</li> </ul> </div>
修改为 HTML5 语义元素 <nav>:
<nav> <ul> <li>News</li> <li>Sports</a></li> <li>Weather</li> </ul> </nav>
更改为 HTML5 <section>
把 id="content" 的 the <div> 元素:
<div id="content"> . . . </div>
修改为 HTML5 语义元素 <section>:
<section> . . . </section>
更改为 HTML5 <article>
把 class="post" 的所有 <div> 元素:
<div class="post"> <h2>News Article</h2> <p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum.</p> </div>
修改为 HTML5 语义元素 <article>:
<article> <h2>News Article</h2> <p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum.</p> </article>
删除这些“不再需要的”样式:
div#header,div#footer,div#content,div#post { border:1px solid grey;margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px;background-color:white; } div#header,div#footer { color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px; } div#content { background-color:#ddd; } div#menu ul { margin:0;padding:0; } div#menu ul li { display:inline; margin:5px; }
典型的 HTML5 页面
最后您可以删除 <head> 标签。HTML5 中不再需要它们:
实例
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <title>HTML5</title> <meta charset="utf-8"> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"> </script> <![endif]--> <style> body { font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;font-size:0.8em; } header,footer,section,article { border:1px solid grey; margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px; background-color:white; } header,footer { color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px; } section { background-color:#ddd; } nav ul { margin:0;padding:0; } nav ul li { display:inline; margin:5px; } </style> <body> <header> <h1>Monday Times</h1> </header> <nav> <ul> <li>News</li> <li>Sports</li> <li>Weather</li> </ul> </nav> <section> <h2>News Section</h2> <div id="post"> <h2>News Article</h2> <p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum.</p> <p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum.</p> <p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum.</p> </div> <div id="post"> <h2>News Article</h2> <p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum.</p> <p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum.</p> <p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum.</p> </div> </section> <footer> <p>© 2014 Monday Times. All rights reserved.</p> </footer> </body> </html>
<article> <section> 与 <div> 之间的差异
在 HTML5 标准中,<article> <section> 与 <div> 之间的差异很小,令人困惑。
在 HTML5 标准中,<section> 元素被定位为相关元素的块。
<article> 元素被定义为相关元素的完整的自包含块。
<div> 元素被定义为子元素的块。
如何理解呢?
在上面的例子中,我们曾使用 <section> 作为相关 <articles> 的容器。
但是,我们也能够把 <article> 用作文章的容器。
下面是一些不同的例子:
<article> 中的 <article>: <article> <h2>Famous Cities</h2> <article> <h2>London</h2> <p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p> </article> <article> <h2>Paris</h2> <p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p> </article> <article> <h2>Tokyo</h2> <p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p> </article> </article>
<article> 中的 <div>: <article> <h2>Famous Cities</h2> <div class="city"> <h2>London</h2> <p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p> </div> <div class="city"> <h2>Paris</h2> <p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p> </div> <div class="city"> <h2>Tokyo</h2> <p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p> </div> </article>
<article> 中的 <section> 中的 <div>: <article> <section> <h2>Famous Cities</h2> <div class="city"> <h2>London</h2> <p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p> </div> <div class="city"> <h2>Paris</h2> <p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p> </div> <div class="city"> <h2>Tokyo</h2> <p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p> </div> </section> <section> <h2>Famous Countries</h2> <div class="country"> <h2>England</h2> <p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p> </div> <div class="country"> <h2>France</h2> <p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p> </div> <div class="country"> <h2>Japan</h2> <p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p> </div> </section> </article>